✍️Perfect Past Tense

✍️ Perfect Past Tense  

We use this tense when the action of the sentence is said to be completed in past. Past form of to have i.e. had + V3 (VPP) pattern is used here. Had carries the tense while V3 is perfective aspect. ( क्रिया भूतकाळात पूर्ण झालेली होती.)   e.g. - I had gone to school. ( मी शाळेला गेलेलो होतो.)

👉 Assertive / Statement (Active Voice)

    S + had+ V3 + O/C/A.

Examples :-

Janhavi had written an essay in school.  

Science had found the solution.   

India had struggled in last T20.  

 I had given his pen.

 👉Interrogative/Question

1)Wh. word + had + S + V3 + O/C/A?

2) Had + S + V3 + O/C/A?

Janhavi had written an essay in school.

1)Where had Janhavi written an essay? 

2)Had Janhavi  written an essay in school?

 I had given his pen.

Who had given his pen?

👉 Change the voice

 S + had+ V3 + O/C/A. (Active voice)

O + had + been + V3 + C /A + by S.(Passive voice)

Example :-

Janhavi had written an essay in school.            

- An essay had been written in school by Janhavi.

Science had found the solution.

 - The solution had been found by science.

I had given his pen.                          

- His pen had been given by me.

👉 Negative

( had + not )

  S + had + not + V3 + O/C/A.

Janhavi had not written an essay in school.          Science had not found the solution.                        India had not struggled in last T20.                          I had not given his pen.

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✍️Pronouns

   ✍️Pronouns✍️

Please,Rotate your mobile. ( कृपया,मोबाईल आडवा धरा)

      1.             2.                      3                                    4

Subject    Object  Possessive Adjective Possessive pronoun

     (कर्ता)     (कर्म)  (स्वामित्वदर्शक विशेषण) (स्वामित्वदर्शक सर्वनाम)

 I. (मी)         me. (मला)               my.                      mine.

                                       (माझा,माझी, माझेे)(माझा,माझी,माझेे).

We (आम्ही)    us.(आम्हाला.).              our                    ours

.                              (आमचा,आमची,आमचे)(आमचा,आमची,आमचे)

You.(तु)        you. (तुला)                your.               yours

                                           ( तुझा, तुझी, तुझे)  ( तुझा,तुझी,तुझे)

You.(तुम्ही)     you. (तुम्हाला).          your.              yours

                                           ( तुमचा,तुमची,तूमचे) ( तुमचा,तुमची,तूमचे)

He (तो.)         him. (त्याला)          his.                      his

                                            ( त्याचा,त्याची,त्याचे)(त्याचा,त्यांची,त्याचे)

She ( ती)        her (तिला)                   her                 hers

                                              (तिचा,तिची,तिचे) (तिचा,तिची,तिचे)

It (ते)               it (तेला)                its (तेचा, तेची, तेचे).           -------

They              them (त्यांना)         their                  theirs

(ते, त्या, ती सर्व).    (त्यांचा,त्यांची,त्यांचे)  (त्यांचा,त्यांची,त्यांचे) 

Who (कोण)    Whom ( कोणाला).     Whose.           Whose

                        (कोणाचा,कोणाची,कोणाचे)(कोणाचा,कोणाची,कोणाचे)

✍️ Examples :-

I give him my pen.

!     !       !      !      !

S.   V    I O. P. A. D. O.          

  ( I.O. - indirect object, P.A. - possessive adjective, D.O. - direct object )

✍️(Whom ची उत्तरे Indirect object असतात.)

✍️What ची उत्तरे direct object ( प्रत्यक्ष कर्म) असतात.

You can give them your books.

   !                       !        !          !

   S.                    I. O. P A    D. O. 

(तु त्यांना  तुझी पुस्तके देऊ शकतो.)

 They give you their work.

    !         !       !       !         !

    S.       V.    I. O.  P. A. D. O.

(ते तुला त्यांचे काम देतात.)

This pen is mine.

                         !

                       P. P. ( Possessive pronoun)

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