Use - who / which

💛Use - who / which (Non defining clauses)💛

💁Who - use pronoun for persons. Replacing nouns like Ram , Seeta , He,They, The lion etc. 

 ( व्यक्तीवाचक /  प्राणीवाचक  कर्त्याच्या जागी वापरणे )

💁Which - use pronoun for objects. Replacing nouns like The table, The book, A mobile etc. 

      ( वस्तूवाचक कर्त्याच्या जागी वापरणे   )

 Two types according to use   : - 

 ( वापरानुसार २ प्रकार )

💁 1) When the subjects of two sentences are different......

       (दोन वाक्यातील कर्ते भिन्न असताना )    

       

1st. sentence   +  who / which  + V + O / C / A  of  2 nd sentence.

👉 Write first sentence as it is.

     ( पहिले वाक्य आहे तसे लिहा )

👉 Replace the subject of second sentence by who / which. 

 ( दुसऱ्या वाक्यातील कर्त्याच्या जागी  who / which वापरा.) 

👉 Join the 2 sentences.

     ( दोन्ही वाक्ये जोडा.)

Examples :- 

1) I wish to meet my friend. He is a good and kind teacher.

→  I wish to meet my friend who is a good and kind teacher.

2) He found a story book . It is very interesting.

→ He found a story book which is very interesting. 

💁 2) When the subjects of two sentences are similar.......  

                      (दोन वाक्यातील कर्ते समान असताना )   

👉 Write the subject of the first sentence. 

      ( पहिल्या वाक्यातील कर्ता लिहा.)

👉 Give comma. 

     (त्यानंतर स्वल्पविराम दया.)

👉 Replace the subject of second sentence by who / which. and then write the whole sentence after comma. ( दुसऱ्या वाक्यातील कर्त्याच्या जागी who / which वापरून ते वाक्य स्वल्पविराम नंतर आहे तसे लिहा.)  

👉 Give comma again.

    ( पुन्हा स्वल्पविराम दया.)

👉 Write  V + O / C / A  of first sentence after comma.

      ( त्यानंतर पहिल्या वाक्यातील कर्ता सोडून शिल्लक भाग लिहा.)

S +  , + who / which + 2 nd sentence + , +  V + O/C/A of 1st sentence

Examples :- 

My brother is a teacher. He lives in a small village.

→  My brother , who lives in a small village , is a teacher.

This fort is very strong. It is built by the famous maratha emperor. 

→This fort , which is built by the famous maratha emperor , is very strong. 

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Add a Question Tag

    💛 Add a Question Tag 💛

This structure is used for having the agreement on statement. More used in speaking than writing.

👉  For positive sentence  negative tag is used.

👉 For negative sentence  positive tag is used.

💁 Write the given sentence as it is.

       ( दिलेले वाक्य आहे तसे लिहा . ) 

💁 Give comma. ( नंतर स्वल्पविराम दया .)

💁 Find out the helping verb ( H.V.) from the sentence and write.

        ( सहाय्यकारी क्रियापद लिहा .)

💁 For positive sentence add n't ( i.e. not ) to  H. V. 

        ( होकारार्थी वाक्याचा Tag नकारार्थी करा )

💁 For negative sentence do not add  n't ( i.e. not ) to  H. V. 

         ( नकारार्थी वाक्याचा Tag होकारार्थी करा )

💁 Then write pronoun according to the subject. 

         ( कर्त्या नुसार सर्वनाम लिहा.) 

💁 Give question mark ( ? ) at the end. 

         ( शेवटी  ?  चिन्ह दया.)

💁 For Imperative / order use tag will you as subject is invisible You.

           ( आज्ञार्थी  चा Tag -  ,will you ?  लिहा ) 

Examples :- 

My father was a medical professional.

→ My father was a medical professional , wasn't he ?

I saw towards the roof.

→ I saw towards the roof , didn't I ?

Raju writes an essay.

→ Raju writes an essay , doesn't he ?

Corona is not dangerous. 

→  Corona is not dangerous , is it ?

Open your books.

→  Open your books , will you ?

I am a good boy.

→ I am a good boy, aren't I ?

  

Let us call the teacher.

→Let us call the teacher , shall we ?

 

Let the teacher be here.

→Let the teacher be here , will you?

Helping verb	not	tag
am	not	aren't
is	not	isn't
are	not	aren't
was	not	wasn't
were	not	weren't
have	not	haven't
has	not	hasn't
had	not	hadn't
do	not	don't
does	not	doesn't
did	not	didn't
shall	not	shan't
will	not	won't
can	not	can't
could	not	couldn't
may	not	mayn't
must	not	mustn't
might	not	mightn't

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Direct and Indirect Speech .

       💛 Direct and Indirect Speech.💛                                                        (प्रत्यक्ष,अप्रत्यक्ष कथन)

Introduction :-

    This topic is also known as reported speech. Languages are used to tell others what we feel about certain things. We use language to report others the events we witness , the conversations we hear. Reporters report through newspapers. All of us do it. We narrate the incidents and that is called indirect speech or reported speech. Inverted commas are used in direct speech. We can report one sentence or a long text. It is not a mechanical activity. It is very much a communicative act.

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👉 Question - Make / Change it into indirect speech.  

                        Remove inverted commas. 

                       (प्रत्यक्ष कथनाचे अप्रत्यक्ष कथनात रुपांतर करा.)

  He said to her  , " I am going to school now."   .

            ↓                                    ↓

         1 st part                        2 nd part                 

                                                  ↓

                                         Direct Speech                                     

                                                   ↓

                                      4 types of sentences 

                                      (Assertive,Question,Order,Exclamatory) 

 

Changes in 1 st part depend upon 2 nd part.

Changes in 2 nd part depend upon 1 st part.

 There are minimum 4 and maximum 5 changes.

 He said to her  , " I  am going to school now."    

           ↓              ↓   ↓   ↓                                ↓          

           1              2   3   4                               5          

                                                                                   

1 - Reporting verb .

2 - Joining words.

3 - pronouns 

4 - Tense                                                                            

5 - Some words 

  

💁  1st part  Changes  1  Reporting verb 

                                     2 Joining words. 

                       Reporting verbs         Joining words.

                                 ↓                                     ↓

Assertive    says      -   say

                   says to  -    tells 

                   will say  -  will say                    that

                    said       -  said 

                   said to   -  told 

Question    says    -   asks                1 Wh.que. -wh.                                                                            words(Same)

                  will say -  will ask                                 

                  said  - asked /enquired      2 Yes/No - if /                                                                              whether

                               demanded etc. 

Order   -  told , order / s , ordered,       1 positive - to 

               beg /s , begged, pleaded  

               commanded,                       2 Negative -not to 

               (according to 2 nd part.

               or who said to whom )                            

           

Exclamatory - exclaim /s,, exclaimed          that

💁 2 nd part Change 3 pronouns

( according to speaker and listener)

If the speaker is 1st person 

singular -  I remains I  

plural   - We remains we  in 2nd part.

                                                            

If the listener is 1st person 

singular - You converts into I

 plural - You converts into we

If the speaker and listener are 3rd person singular and plural,changes are as follows.

person            singular                              plural 

1st               I     me    my   mine            We   us    our    ours

2nd           You   you  your  yours         You   you your yours

  

 ↓                   ↓       ↓      ↓       ↓            ↓        ↓       ↓        ↓

3rd            he     him   his    his        they them their theirs

                 she    her     her   hers                  

                  it       it      its

                                               

💁   2 nd part Change 4 Tense 

If the  Reporting verb  is in  present and future tenses, 4 th change must not be done.

If the sentences are universal truth , scientific rules, 4 th change must not be done. 

When the Reporting verb  is in past tenses and the sentence is exception for above rules , tense must be changed as follows.

simple present ( V 1 )                       →  simple past  (V2)

continuous  present ( am, is, are)      →  continuous past (was/were)

perfect  present (have/has)                →  perfect past (had)

continuous perfect present (have/has) →continuous perfect past (had)

 simple past  ( V 2 )                  →   perfect past (had + V3)  

 continuous past (was/were)   →   continuous perfect past (had been) 

 perfect past (had )                  →   perfect past (had)

continuous perfect past (had) →   continuous perfect past(had)

All future  shall / will                →    should /would 

💁 Change 5 - change in some words 

now / just - then        tomorrow - the next day 

this - that                  yesterday  -the previous day

these - those              last night  - the previous night 

here - there                 last week - the previous week 

today - that day          last year  -  the previous year

to night - that night     next week -the following week

ago  - before                 next year -  the following year 

Examples : - 

1 Assertive -

He said to her  , " I  am going to school now."     

           ↓            ↓   ↓    ↓                                  ↓        

           1            2   3   4                                  5         

                                                                             

He  told her that he was going to school then.

         ↓             ↓     ↓      ↓                                  ↓        

         1              2    3     4                                  5    

2 Question -     

१ Wh.question 

They said to to Ram , " Why have you joined our school?"

               ↓                 ↓      ↓       ↓      ↓                ↓

               1                 2      2       4      3              3

They asked Ram why he had joined their school.

             ↓               ↓    ↓    ↓                   ↓

             1               2    3     4                  3

੨ Yes / No Question 

Prashant said , " Mother, have you seen it ?"

                     ↓   ↓                ↓      ↓

                     1   2                 4      3

Prashant asked mother if she had seen it.

                   ↓                  ↓   ↓     ↓

                   1                  2   3     4

3 Order

१  Positive    

The headmaster said to the clerk , " Give me the file quickly."

                                    ↓               ↓              ↓

                                     1                2             3 

The headmaster ordered the clerk to give him the file quickly.

                                   ↓                  ↓            ↓

                                   1                   2            3 

੨  Negative

Father said to me  ," Don't watch the T V very closely."

                 ↓           ↓     ↓

                 1           2     3 

Father told  me  , not to  watch the T V very closely."

             ↓           ↓     ↓

             1           2     3   

4 Exclamatory

Make it assertive and then solve 

The teacher said  , " What a simple girl you are !"

                      ↓   ↓                                     ↓    ↓

                      1   2                                     3    4

The teacher exclaimed that she was a very simple girl. 

                           ↓           ↓     ↓     ↓

                           1           2     3     4

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