💛 Direct and Indirect Speech.💛 (प्रत्यक्ष,अप्रत्यक्ष कथन)
Introduction :-
This topic is also known as reported speech. Languages are used to tell others what we feel about certain things. We use language to report others the events we witness , the conversations we hear. Reporters report through newspapers. All of us do it. We narrate the incidents and that is called indirect speech or reported speech. Inverted commas are used in direct speech. We can report one sentence or a long text. It is not a mechanical activity. It is very much a communicative act.
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👉 Question - Make / Change it into indirect speech.
Remove inverted commas.
(प्रत्यक्ष कथनाचे अप्रत्यक्ष कथनात रुपांतर करा.)
He said to her , " I am going to school now." .
↓ ↓
1 st part 2 nd part
↓
Direct Speech
↓
4 types of sentences
(Assertive,Question,Order,Exclamatory)
Changes in 1 st part depend upon 2 nd part.
Changes in 2 nd part depend upon 1 st part.
There are minimum 4 and maximum 5 changes.
He said to her , " I am going to school now."
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
1 2 3 4 5
1 - Reporting verb .
2 - Joining words.
3 - pronouns
4 - Tense
5 - Some words
💁 1st part Changes 1 Reporting verb
2 Joining words.
Reporting verbs Joining words.
↓ ↓
Assertive says - say
says to - tells
will say - will say that
said - said
said to - told
Question says - asks 1 Wh.que. -wh. words(Same)
will say - will ask
said - asked /enquired 2 Yes/No - if / whether
demanded etc.
Order - told , order / s , ordered, 1 positive - to
beg /s , begged, pleaded
commanded, 2 Negative -not to
(according to 2 nd part.
or who said to whom )
Exclamatory - exclaim /s,, exclaimed that
💁 2 nd part Change 3 pronouns
( according to speaker and listener)
If the speaker is 1st person
singular - I remains I
plural - We remains we in 2nd part.
If the listener is 1st person
singular - You converts into I
plural - You converts into we
If the speaker and listener are 3rd person singular and plural,changes are as follows.
person singular plural
1st I me my mine We us our ours
2nd You you your yours You you your yours
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
3rd he him his his they them their theirs
she her her hers
it it its
💁 2 nd part Change 4 Tense
If the Reporting verb is in present and future tenses, 4 th change must not be done.
If the sentences are universal truth , scientific rules, 4 th change must not be done.
When the Reporting verb is in past tenses and the sentence is exception for above rules , tense must be changed as follows.
simple present ( V 1 ) → simple past (V2)
continuous present ( am, is, are) → continuous past (was/were)
perfect present (have/has) → perfect past (had)
continuous perfect present (have/has) →continuous perfect past (had)
simple past ( V 2 ) → perfect past (had + V3)
continuous past (was/were) → continuous perfect past (had been)
perfect past (had ) → perfect past (had)
continuous perfect past (had) → continuous perfect past(had)
All future shall / will → should /would
💁 Change 5 - change in some words
now / just - then tomorrow - the next day
this - that yesterday -the previous day
these - those last night - the previous night
here - there last week - the previous week
today - that day last year - the previous year
to night - that night next week -the following week
ago - before next year - the following year
Examples : -
1 Assertive -
He said to her , " I am going to school now."
He told her that he was going to school then.
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
1 2 3 4 5
2 Question -
१ Wh.question
They said to to Ram , " Why have you joined our school?"
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
1 2 2 4 3 3
They asked Ram why he had joined their school.
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
1 2 3 4 3
੨ Yes / No Question
Prashant said , " Mother, have you seen it ?"
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
1 2 4 3
Prashant asked mother if she had seen it.
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
1 2 3 4
3 Order
१ Positive
The headmaster said to the clerk , " Give me the file quickly."
↓ ↓ ↓
1 2 3
The headmaster ordered the clerk to give him the file quickly.
↓ ↓ ↓
1 2 3
੨ Negative
Father said to me ," Don't watch the T V very closely."
↓ ↓ ↓
1 2 3
Father told me , not to watch the T V very closely."
↓ ↓ ↓
1 2 3
4 Exclamatory
Make it assertive and then solve
The teacher said , " What a simple girl you are !"
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
1 2 3 4
The teacher exclaimed that she was a very simple girl.
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
1 2 3 4
Solve more examples from other sources.
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